2023年成人高考高起點英語考點總結(jié):名詞
A、常見的不可數(shù)名詞
1.Fluids(流體):
air空氣,smoke煙,water水,oil油,ink墨木,juice果汁,
rain雨水,tea茶,coffee咖啡,wine酒,beer啤酒
2.Substances(物質(zhì)):
paper紙,glass玻璃,wood木頭,iron鐵,chalk粉筆,
fruit水果,meat肉,beef牛肉,mutton羊肉,chicken雞肉,
sugar糖,salt鹽,rice米,sand沙子,dust灰塵,
gold黃金
3.Abstracts(抽象名詞):
health健康,wealth財富,honesty誠實,friendship友誼,
wisdom智慧,attention注意力,luck運氣,progress進步,
work工作,room空間,news新聞,information消息,
love愛,trouble麻煩,happiness幸福,silence寂靜
4.Subjects(學科):
physics物理,chemistry化學,mathematics數(shù)學,history歷史,
geography地理,English英語,biology生物,music音樂
B.、可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式
1.直接在詞尾加-s,如desks,maps,cats,penscars,farms
2.以-s,-x,-ch,sh結(jié)尾的詞加-es:glasses,classes,buses,boxes,foxes,watches,matches,brushes,dishes(例外:stomachs胃)
3.以-O結(jié)尾的詞:
Negroes,heres,potatoes,tomatoes(有生命的名詞加-es);
photos,pianos,kilos,radios,zoosstudios(無生命的名詞加-es)
4.輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的,把y變?yōu)閕再加es:
city-cities,story-stories,baby-babies,dictionary-dictionaries,
factory-factories,fly-flies,diary-diaries
但是,元音字母+y——直接+stoy——toys
5.以-f,-fe結(jié)尾的單詞,去掉f,-fe再加ves:
knife-knives,wife-wives,life-lives,wolf-wolves,
thief-thieves,leaf-leaves
例外:roof-roofs屋頂,belief-beliefs信仰,gulf-gulfs海灣
safe-safes,handkerchief-handkerchiefs手帕
6.特殊變化:
man-menwoman→woman
child→children,tooth→teeth,
goose→geese鵝foot→feet,
mouse→mice,looker-on→lookers-on旁觀者
passer-by→passers-by過路人,
editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief總編輯,
man-doctor→mendoctors,
woman-doctor→womendoctors;
fish,deer,Chinese,sheep單復數(shù)同形。
C、只有復數(shù)形式的名詞
1.下列名詞,只有復數(shù)形式,只能接復數(shù)形式的動詞:
clothes衣服,fireworks煙火,wages工資,thanks謝意,
remains殘留物,sweets糖果
2.由相同兩部分構(gòu)成的名詞,只有復數(shù)形式,只能接復數(shù)形式的動詞:
scissors剪刀,glasses眼鏡,trousers褲子,shoes鞋,
socks襪,gloves手套
這些名詞如表示數(shù)量,要以pair為單位,如:
apairofshoes一雙鞋twopairsofshoes兩雙鞋
apairofglasses一副眼鏡twopairsofglasses兩副眼鏡
3.某些集合名詞,本身即為復數(shù),所以不能加-s,也不能以one,a,every等詞來修飾,如:
thispeople(×)thesepeoples(×)thesepeople(√)
thatpolice(×)thosepolices(×)thosepolice(√)